Editing text and viewing images
Editing text files by typing in Linux systems can be done with so-called text editor programs. Editors are normally used to modify or create relatively small files like programs, parameter files or small input files. Systematic modifications to large input or output data files are normally done with other tools.
Several text editors are available in the CSC computing environment. Here we briefly introduce just three of them: nano, Emacs and Vim. Other frequently used text editors include vi and gedit. In addition to these general purpose text editors, many application programs include their own special editing tools.
nano
nano is a simple and handy tool for editing small files. It is easy to use, and it suits well as the first text editor of a novice Linux user. nano is a text based editor: it does not include any mouse based functions or command menus. nano starts with command:
This command opens the given file to the editor or creates a new empty file if the file does not already exist.
When the nano editor has started, you can see the basic commands listed
at the bottom of the screen. The listed commands are executed by
pressing simultaneously the control key Ctrl, to which the program
refers with ^ sign, and some listed keys. For example, you can
read the exit from the program with Ctrl-x, save the changes with
Ctrl-o or read a new file to the editor with Ctrl-r. If
you already have some text in nano, Ctrl-r will add the content
of the selected file to the end of the previously created text. With
Ctrl-v you can browse the text one page forward and with
Ctrl-y one page backwards. Ctrl-w command can be used to
search certain strings (words) from the text. Ctrl-k cuts one line
of text. To cut larger regions, first mark the beginning of the text to
be copied with Ctrl-6 then move the cursor to the end of the area
and press Ctrl-k. To paste the text that was cut, press
Ctrl-u. More commands can be found from the nano help text that
is opened by pressing Ctrl-g.
Emacs
Emacs is a versatile editor that contains a large amount of
commands, functions and extensions. Emacs can be used in two ways: as a
character based editor like nano or through a graphical interface.
Using the graphical interface requires that you have X-term
connection to CSC or are using a
web interface remote desktop.
In the character based mode Emacs commands are given
using Ctrl and Esc keys much like in the case of nano commands. In
the graphical interface you can use also mouse-based command menus which
makes working much more feasible for a new Emacs user. To start Emacs in
CSC environment, type:
If using a web interface remote desktop, you can open the
graphical Emacs interface from Application > Accessories > Emacs.
In the graphical user interface the File menu is used to read in and save
files. Edit menu include commands to copy, cut and paste text. This menu
also contains tools to search and replace strings. With the commands in
the Options menu you can control many properties of Emacs. You can
for example use syntax highlighting when you are working with a
program or a shell script file. You can have several files opened in one
Emacs session. The Buffers menu allows you to choose the buffer to
be edited. The Tools menu contains miscellaneous commands and
tools.
If you don't have remote graphics enabled, you need to know the
command shortcuts.
For example, the shortcut to exit is ctrl-x ctrl-c.
Vim
Vim is a highly configurable text editor built to enable efficient text editing. It is an improved version of the vi editor distributed with most UNIX systems. vi is the de facto standard Linux editor. Essentially all Linux systems come with vi (or a variant, like Vim) built in.
Vim is often called a "programmer's editor" as it is useful for programming. It's however not just for programmers, though. Vim is suitable for all kinds of text editing, from composing email to editing configuration files.
To start Vim in CSC environment, type:
or
Vim differs from many editors in that it has two main modes of operation: command mode, and insert mode. This is the cause of much of the confusion when a new user is learning it.
To switch to the insert mode one needs to press the i key. When you
have finished entering a text, press Esc to return to the command
mode. To save the file enter command :w file_name.
Tip
The command to quit Vim is :q, which needs to be issued in command mode.
To exit Vim without saving, and ignoring any warnings about unsaved
data, use a variation of the :q command, i.e., :q!. This will return you to
the prompt without saving any changes to the file, and with no warnings about
unsaved data. This command should be used carefully.
To enter insert mode and insert text at current position, type i and
start typing a text, to append text after current position, type a.
To delete characters while in insert mode, use Backspace and Delete
keys.
For more options, please refer to the Vim manual.
Image and PostScript viewers
In some cases application programs executed at CSC, produce image files instead of text files. If you have a working X-term connection you can use eog (Eye of GNOME) and Evince programs to view image files. eog is a simple image viewing program that can display common image formats like png, bmp, jpg and tiff. However eog is not able to show PostScript (ps) or pdf files. For these file types you can use program Evince.
To view a jpg file, type:
and to view a PostScript file, type:
PostScript files can be converted to pdf documents with command
ps2pdf. This command reads a PostScript file and prints out
corresponding pdf file. For example command:
produces a pdf-formatted file file1.pdf
